I'm having some trouble understanding your issue but with the code you have outlined in red, try using sub events.
Keyboard > ESpace is Down
(sub event) > Every 0.2 seconds > Ship > Spawn Laser
( create a second condition)
Laser > on created > System wait 0.2 seconds
> Destroy Laser
The explosion problem is your destroying it before the animation can play. It should be handled in the 3rd line:
Asteroid > On collision with laser > asteroid > Spawn Explosion
> destroy > asteroid
The explosion needs to be a separate sprite and needs to be spawned just before the asteroid is destroyed.