You can fix this by manually adding a 1px transparent border to your images or extending the effect bounding box in the shader xml.
Thanks for the input, Animmaniac, but my question is more about inconsistent behaviour - as you can see in the animated gif - one time you get the effect, move and object away, then back the same amount and the effect is different, move it away again, then back and it's suddenly fragmented. And my images are 254x254 so on export they get the obligatory 1px transparent border (I also just made this image have the border in preview and it's the same).
Extending the bounding box for something like this usually makes things worse as then even more artefacts appear for overlapping objects (or you get unneeded elements on the other side). R0J0 observed it in his outline Shader (so he disabled bounding box extension) and I did in this one as well. Also, as said before for some reason adding any other Shader into the mix already sort-of extends the bounding box, even if it's not mentioned anywhere. If my inline Shader is the only one in the stack on a square that fills the texture it looks as it should - empty (since there's nothing to sample from the outside):
If I use it as the only Shader it works predictably, every time. So, perhaps something is happening with Shader stacking - hopefully it can be addressed.