add an ID system to my spaceship-based game in which AI enemies on the same team can share things like their target's X and Y position, Leader's X and Y, etc.
I don't understand your screenshots, but this is definitely possible.
Add a bunch of instance variables to enemies, like TeamID, TargetX, TargetY etc. Pick the enemy instances belonging to one team, assign the values to them.
I suggest adding Enemy sprite to a family and defining all variables on the family level. This will give your more flexibility further down the road. Say, you need to pick enemies from one team and check if they have line-of-sight to another team, you can do this:
EnemyFamily team="A"
EnemySprite team="B"
EnemyFamily Have LOS to EnemySprite